[214] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[215] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itself—located within the Soviet area—also subdivided thusly. [771] He was a good organiser,[772] with a strategic mind,[773] and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. Il accentue son soutien aux théories charlatanesques du biologiste Trofim Lyssenko, et ravage ainsi la génétique soviétique. [367] Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world;[368] initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. Il s'évade en mars 1909[24][Information douteuse]. »[166]. [835] According to Service, Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort". Il est envoyé en exil en Sibérie pour trois ans, il arrive à Ouda dans la province d'Irkoutsk en décembre 1903, il y reste en assignation à résidence jusqu'en janvier 1904[17]. [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[910] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. This led to severe disruptions of food production that contributed to the famine of 1932–33. [86] Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. [664], Stalin left no anointed successor nor a framework within which a transfer of power could take place. La ville de Stalingrad, maintenant appelée Volgograd, a été nommée en son honneur. [725] Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship. [17] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. [757] In 1935 he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon;[758] in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov. [256] Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. La plupart des staliniens considèrent que ce sont des Juifs qui ont incarné les tendances les plus internationalistes du marxisme (Trotsky, Rosa Luxemburg, Zinoviev, Kamenev, etc.) [496] Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort. [753] Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35 km outside Moscow,[754] although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. Mais le régime nazi se consolide, et une menace militaire réelle plane désormais sur l'URSS. Il est également entretenu par des milieux ultra-nationalistes qui considèrent que le mérite essentiel de Staline a été de créer un État fort incarnant le destin de la nation russe. [506] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. Sa mort aurait profondément affecté Staline, qui n’aurait jamais réellement fait son deuil : il se serait reproché, jusqu’à sa mort, de n’avoir pas été présent pour elle[146]. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. [609] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist–Leninist doctrine. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. [119] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. Afficher les profils des personnes qui s’appellent Joseph Staline. Staline n'a quitté la Russie qu'exceptionnellement et ne connaissait que le géorgien et le russe, et encore ne parlait ce dernier qu’avec un fort accent géorgien[9]. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. S'il est vrai que l'offensive soviétique est à bout de souffle et que Staline n'a plus les moyens de franchir la Vistule, il refuse toutefois de parachuter des armes ou bien de laisser les avions occidentaux atterrir sur les aérodromes contrôlés par l'Armée rouge à proximité de la capitale polonaise. [491] With Order No. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December [O.S. Il est, en réalité, presque captif de Staline : il ne reçoit plus d'information, ses médecins sont circonvenus, ses secrétaires intimidées, etc. En outre, il faut ajouter quelque 1 500 000 condamnations après 1945 pour faits de collaboration, la plupart à l'emprisonnement, avec une « indulgence relative » pour les nationalistes ukrainiens et baltes[131]. We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years. En pleine offensive allemande de 1941, Staline détourne aussi des forces importantes du front pour faire déporter intégralement les Allemands de la Volga, descendants de colons installés au XVIIIe siècle. [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [776] He lacked compassion,[782] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[783] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. [37] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. Les procès de Moscou et les purges qui meurtrissent l'Armée rouge troublent les démocraties occidentales, où l'anticommunisme reste très fort, et les font douter des capacités militaires soviétiques. [34] The seminary's journal noted that he declared himself an atheist, stalked out of prayers and refused to doff his hat to monks. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Yerevan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. La terreur et la soviétisation accélérée s'abattent aussitôt sur ces territoires. Il pratique aussi bien des déplacements de population massifs, dont la déportation intégrale d'une quinzaine de minorités nationales, que la sédentarisation forcée non moins désastreuse de nomades d'Asie centrale. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offenses, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. "[821] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. [706] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. Certains marxistes se réclamant de Lénine s'opposent alors au « marxisme-léninisme » de Staline : les trotskistes dénoncent la dictature à l'intérieur du Parti, les bordiguistes dénoncent la politique économique de Staline comme une forme de capitalisme d'État (analyse partagée par les « décistes » du groupe Sapronov). Cet épisode peut dépasser le cadre de la simple anecdote ; en effet, l'absence d'un fils aux funérailles de sa mère constitue dans une famille géorgienne quelque chose d'absolument inconcevable[132]. [628] He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S.[629] After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. Bureaucrate laborieux et discret, Staline gravit silencieusement les échelons et devient secrétaire général du parti le 3 avril 1922, à la suite de manigances[non neutre] de Lénine et Lev Kamenev[9]. [864] In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power,[865] one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. [599], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. Mais dans la lignée de la biographie pionnière et toujours utilisable de Boris Souvarine[91], les historiens soulignent qu'il a laissé à Staline la dictature du parti-guide infaillible, le centralisme démocratique interdisant les tendances, le culte du secret, l'apologie de la violence « nécessaire » et de l'absence de scrupules moraux au nom de la révolution, ainsi qu'un État policier déjà tout-puissant ayant liquidé toutes les oppositions et employant un certain nombre de pratiques perfectionnées ultérieurement par Staline (responsabilité collective des familles, stigmatisation-discrimination collective de groupes sociaux, procès truqués, censure, persécutions religieuses, massacres, premiers camps de travail, etc.). En revanche, les successeurs de Staline ne réforment pas le système économique et social hérité de son règne, malgré ses défauts de plus en plus évidents (bureaucratisme, pénuries chroniques, sous-productivité, absence d'initiative personnelle, coût écologique, déséquilibre des branches au profit d'une industrie lourde de moins en moins adaptée à l'évolution historique, etc.). [915], Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. [103] In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit,[104] which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. After the Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution and created a one-party state under Lenin's newly renamed Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. Photo: Keystone/Getty Images Quick Facts Name Joseph Stalin Birth Date December 18, 1878 Death Date March 5, 1953 Education Church school (Gori, Georgia, Russian Empire), Tiflis Theological Seminary [303] According to Montefiore, at this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [467] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[468] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. [432], During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad;[433] in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. [800] He was a voracious reader, with a library of over 20,000 books. In these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign peaking in the doctors' plot. [18] In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Gori Church School, a place secured by Charkviani. Stalin brutally, artfully, indefatigably built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. nécessaire]. [708] Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. [281], In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. [400], Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, of which it had previously been excluded.

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