Toby Shelley Western Sahara is listed on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. It calls the territories under its control the "Liberated Territories". 1975-91 - Polisario Front fights a 16-year-long guerrilla war against Moroccan forces, which ends with a UN-brokered cease-fire. AU; Recognition withdrawn 23 October 1996. EU; Swedish parliament voted to recommend that the Swedish government "recognises the SADR as soon as possible". King Hassan II of Morocco immediately claimed the area of Western Sahara evacuated by Mauritania (Tiris al-Gharbiya, roughly corresponding to the southern half of Río de Oro), which was unilaterally annexed by Morocco in August 1979.[8]. As per Al Jazeera, “The strategy has been effective: Out of 84 countries that previously recognized the Polisario, 44 recently rescinded their support and recognition.” Iran recognized the SADR in 1980, Mauritania had recognized the SADR in 1984, and Syria and South Yemen had supported the POLISARIO position on the conflict when they were all members of the Front of Refusal. AU; Recognition withdrawn 28 September 2018. [citation needed], A pro-polisario demonstration in Madrid (2006). After repeated strikes at the country's principal source of income, the iron mines of Zouerate, the government was nearly incapacitated by the lack of funds and the ensuing internal disorder. For a comprehensive list of state recognitions of the competing claims by SADR and Morocco, see Political status of Western Sahara. A second policy shift that Washington should pursue is closer diplomatic ties with the Polisario Front. Moreover, the ICJ recognized the self-determination of the peoples of the territory of Western Sahara through their free and genuine expression of such will. In his letter the Secretary-General informed the Court that, by resolution 3292 (XXIX) adopted on 13 December 1974, the General Assembly of the United Nations had decided to request the Court to give an advisory opinion at an early date on the questions set out in the resolution. Mauritania also attempts to avoid involvement and to balance between Morocco and POLISARIO's backers in Algeria, although it formally recognizes the SADR as Western Sahara's government since 1984 and has a substantial Sahrawi refugee population (around 30,000) on its territory. Until 1991, POLISARIO's structure was much different from the present one. Mauritania withdrew all its forces and would later proceed to formally recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, causing a massive rupture in relations with Morocco. Such statements are interpreted as a method of implied recognition. Most importantly, Algeria, which borders both Morocco and Western Sahara, has actively supported Polisario and is home to more than 100,000 Sahrawis living in refugee camps; and Mauritania, … Map of Western Sahara, Polisario territory and the Moroccan-built berm (Photo: REUTERS) Last week, a group of 27 senators – Democrats and Republicans – sent a letter to President Joe Biden urging him to rescind the decision made by the Trump administration in December to recognize Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara. A key diplomatic dispute between Morocco and POLISARIO is over the international diplomatic recognition of the SADR as a sovereign state and Western Sahara's legitimate government. Today Polisario controls the part of the Western Sahara on the east of the Moroccan Wall, comprising about a third of the territory, but this area is economically useless, heavily mined, and almost uninhabited. This page was last edited on 22 April 2021, at 16:24. A UN visiting mission headed by Simeon Aké that was conducted in June 1975 concluded that Sahrawi support for independence (as opposed to Spanish rule or integration with a neighbouring country) amounted to an "overwhelming consensus" and that the Polisario Front was the most powerful political force in the country.[4]. It was, despite a few changes, inherited from the before 1975, when the Polisario Front functioned as a small, tightly-knit guerrilla movement, with a few hundred members. It is subdivided into committees handling defense, diplomatic affairs, etc. In January 2014 a bill was submitted in the, number of countries have expressed their support, Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, "Sáhara Occidental – cuadro zonas mapa político-militar", "NAM reiterates support to right of Saharawi people to determination", "Algeria praises NAM's continued support to struggle of Saharawi people for self-determination", "Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity", "Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps", "More countries reiterate territorial integrity of Morocco and Azerbaijan", International law allows the recognition of Western Sahara, "The U.S. recognized Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed Western Sahara. The regime was not saved even by overt French Air Force backing in 1978, when SEPECAT Jaguar fighters strafed and bombed Polisario guerrilla columns en route to Mauritania. This was mainly because both sides tried to avoid overt involvement, which would necessitate a crash in relations with either Morocco or Algeria - the major North African players - and because neither viewed it as an important front. There was conflicting information on Vietnam's position. In 1971 a group of young Sahrawi students in the universities of Morocco began organizing what came to be known as The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro[citation needed]. However, the conflict was never fully dragged into the United States-Soviet dynamics like many other conflicts. Also, the death of POLISARIO leader El Ouali in a raid on Nouakchott did not have the anticipated result in the collapse of Sahrawi morale. Vienna (Austria) Nov 19, 2020 (SPS) - The Socialist Youth Union and the Austrian Communist Youth Union called on the government of their countries, on Monday, November 16, to recognize the SADR, following the new Moroccan military aggression in the Guerguerat area. The Polisario Front has no navy or air force. A more comprehensive merger of these different organizational patterns (military organization/refugee camps/SADR) was not achieved until the 1991 congress, when both the Polisario and SADR organizations were overhauled, integrated into the camp structure and further separated from each other. Abdelaziz characterised them as a substitute path for the armed struggle, and indicated that if peaceful protest was squashed, in its view, without a referendum forthcoming, its armed forces would intervene[citation needed]. This is to be decided by a Polisario Front congress upon the achievement of Western Sahara's independence. It has a potential manpower of many times that number, since both male and female refugees in the Tindouf camps undergo military training at age 18. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest, until rejoining in 2017. After attempting in vain to gain backing from several Arab governments, including both Algeria and Morocco, but only drawing faint notices of support from Libya and Mauritania, the movement eventually relocated to Spanish-controlled Western Sahara to start an armed rebellion. Several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile of a sovereign state. PUSL.- The POLISARIO Front is a national liberation movement, it is not a political party and it is not a government. Most of the Arab world had supported Morocco; only Algeria and Libya have, at different times, given any significant support to POLISARIO. This is an attempt by Morocco to have the occupation of the territories recognized at all costs. [2] The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[3][4] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[5] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation. It describes its struggle as a "clean war of national liberation". [16] Its commander-in-chief is the Secretary General, but it is also integrated into the SADR system through the institution of a SADR Minister of Defence. All residents of the camps have a vote in the Popular Congresses, and participate in the administrative work in the camp through base-level 11-person cells, which form the smallest unit of the refugee camp political structure. Sahara : Polisario threatens to conclude mutual defense agreements with African countries. Consequently, it made few attempts at a division of powers, instead concentrating most of the decision-making power in the top echelons of POLISARIO for maximum battlefield efficiency. – 22.06.1997", "Morocco, Rwanda to Boost Bilateral Ties, Establish Cooperation in Sports", "Yemen backs Morocco's efforts to perfect territorial integrity", "Seychelles: Les Seychelles ne reconnaissent plus la RASD", "Seychelles withdraws recognition for SADR", "Seychelles Islands withdraws recognition of so-called SADR", "Declaración de suspensión de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática", "Panama announces the suspension of its recognition of the so-called "SADR, "Panama suspends relations with Arab republic", "Le Panama suspend sa reconnaissance à la "rasd, "República Saharaui reabrió su embajada en Panamá", "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens", "General Information about Countries and Regions", "La consolidation des relations économiques, au centre d'un entretien entre M. El Fassi et son homologue vietnamien", "Morocco, Vietnam express will to reinforce bilateral relations", "M. El Otmani s'entretient avec le chef de la commission des relations extérieures du Parti communiste vietnamien", "Entretiens PPS-PCV : Le Vietnam réaffirme sa position de soutien au Maroc dans le cadre du dossier de son intégrité territoriale", "Basic information about the country, the region and relations with Vietnam", "Biography Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Algeria", "Le Royaume du Cambodge ne reconnaît plus la prétendue " RASD, "His Excellency Deputy Prime Minister HOR Namhong meets with Morocco Delegation", "Cambodia no more recognizes Sahrawi Republic", "Afghanistan withdraws recognition from so-called Sahrawi republic", "Sáhara Occidental-Cabo Verde. In 1976, Mohamed Abdelaziz was elected at the III Congress of the Polisario, and has held the post ever since. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] On the other hand, some states which had "withdrawn" or "frozen" recognition later resumed it (most recently Panama). Instead, the entire East Bloc decided in favour of ties and trade with Morocco and refused to recognize the SADR. King Mohammed VI confirmed Wednesday the Polisario separatist front’s debacle and gave the precise figure of the countries that do not recognize the fictitious SADR entity, i.e.163 states. World interest in the conflict seemed to expire in the 1990s as the Sahara question gradually sank from public consciousness due to decreasing media attention. It is probably intended to strengthen the movement's underground network in Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara, and link up with the rapidly growing Sahrawi civil rights activism. Foreign minister critical response to the supposed independent ESISC's report, Michael Palin's visit to Smara Refugee Camp, The self determination process of the former Spanish Sahara, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front?oldid=4538889. In 2004, an anti-ceasefire and anti-Abdelaziz opposition fraction, the Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid announced its existence, in the first break with the principle of "national unity" (i.e., working in one single organization to prevent internal conflict). Support for the Polisario Front came mostly from newly independent African states, including Angola and Namibia. According to several Moroccan sources recognition was withdrawn in 2010 or earlier. A comprehensive peace treaty was signed on August 5, 1979, in which the new government recognized Sahrawi rights to Western Sahara and relinquished its own claims. The POLISARIO is practically dependent on its bases and refugee camps, located on Algerian soil. The timing of the provocation by the Polisario Front, which was undertaken seemingly out of nowhere after a ceasefire that had lasted decades, warrants a closer look. As a consequence, the old military structure was wedded to the new grass-roots refugee camp administration which had asserted itself in Tindouf, with its system of committees and elected camp assemblies. The question of Western Sahara challenges the Organization of African Unity’s (OAU) emphasis on the inviolability of existing African borders and internationally recognized right to peoples’ self-determination. Since 1989, when the cease-fire was first concluded, the movement has stated it will pursue its goal of Western Sahara's independence by peaceful means as long as Morocco complies with the cease-fire conditions, which include arranging a referendum on independence, while reserving the right to resume armed struggle if terms are objectively breached, for example, if the referendum is not conducted. In a speech addressed to the Nation on the occasion of the 44th … In contrast, POLISARIO-Mauritanian relations following a peace treaty in 1979 and the recognition of the SADR by Mauritania in 1984, with the latter's retreat from Western Sahara, have been quiet and generally neutral without reports of armed clashes from either side. The SADR protest was supported by Algeria, Polisario’s traditional sponsor, Namibia, and several other African countries that have recognized SADR independence. Most of the Arab world had supported Morocco; only Algeria and Libya have, at different times, given any significant support to POLISARIO. The Polisario Front was formally constituted on May 10, 1973 with the express intention of militarily forcing an end to Spanish colonization. In 1976, the situation was further complicated by the Sahrawi Republic assuming functions of government in the camps and Polisario-held territories of Western Sahara. The Secretary General is elected by the General Popular Congress (GPC), regularly convened every four years. While Algeria recognizes the Sahrawis' right to wage an armed struggle against Morocco, and has helped to equip the SPLA army, the government also seems to have barred POLISARIO from returning to armed struggle after 1991, attempting to curry favor from the US and France and to avoid inflaming its already poor relations with Morocco.[24]. Iran recognized the SADR in 1980, Mauritania had recognized the SADR in 1984, and Syria and South Yemen had supported the POLISARIO position on the conflict when they were all members of the Front of Refusal. The Co-operative Republic of Guyana recognized the Polisario Front on September 1, 1979. The Daddah regime finally fell in 1978 to a coup d'état led by war-weary military officers,[7] who immediately agreed to a cease fire with the POLISARIO. AU; Diplomatic relations temporally frozen 18 October 2006. The first Secretary General was Brahim Gali,[15] replaced in 1974 by El-Ouali at the II Congress of the Polisario Front, followed by Mahfoud Ali Beiba as Interim Secretary General upon his death. King Mohammed VI confirmed Wednesday the Polisario separatist front’s debacle and gave the precise figure of the countries that do not recognize the fictitious SADR entity, i.e.163 states. The most intense open warfare in the conflict in Western Sahara occurred during the Cold War. For these reasons, THE COURT DECIDES, with regard to Question I, by 13 votes to 3, and with regard to Question II, by 14 votes to 2, to comply with the request for an advisory opinion; THE COURT IS OF OPINION, with regard to Question I, unanimously, that Western Sahara (Río de Oro and Sakiet El Hamra) at the time of colonization by Spain was not a territory belonging to no one (terra nullius); with regard to Question II, by 14 votes to 2, that there were legal ties between this territory and the Kingdom of Morocco of the kinds indicated in paragraph 162 of this Opinion; by 15 votes to 1, that there were legal ties between this territory and the Mauritanian entity of the kinds indicated in paragraph 162 of this Opinion. 163. Mohamed Abdelaziz has repeatedly stated that the Moroccan withdrawal from the 1991 Settlement Plan and refusal to sign the 2003 Baker Plan would logically lead to war from its perspective if the international community does not step in.[13][14]. King Mohammed VI unveils polisario’s debacle: 163 countries do not recognize SADR. Most of the Arab worldhad supported Morocco; only Algeria and Libya have, at different times, given any significant support to Polisario. 4) Yes, it is correct that a number of countries have recently recognized Moroccan sovereignty but that too needs to be put in the context that such recognition carries no legal weight and that many more countries (and the AU) recognize Polisario’s putative state. The following lists all the states that have ever recognized the SADR. AU; Recognition withdrawn 5 September 1997. But it remains of little importance to the conflict, as the group had split in two factions, and Polisario has refused dialogs with it, stating that political decisions must be taken within the established political system. The SPLA has several armored units, composed of old tanks (T-55s, T-62s), somewhat more modern armored cars (EE-9s, BRDM-2s), infantry fighting vehicles (BMP-1s, BTR-60s), rocket launchers (BM-21s) and halftracks. [6] Ethnic unrest in the Mauritanian armed forces also strongly contributed to the ineffectiveness of the army: forcibly conscripted black Africans from the south of the country resisted getting involved in what they viewed as a northern intra-Arab dispute, and the Moors and Sahrawis of northern Mauritania often sympathized with POLISARIO, fearing the regional ambitions of Morocco, and Daddah's increasing dependence on Moroccan military support. POLISARIO had handed in its own proposal the day before, which insisted on the previously agreed referendum, but allowed for negotiating the status of Moroccans now living in the territory should the outcome of a referendum be in favor of independence. In the statement, the Polisario is considered to represent the people of Western Sahara. [citation needed], Since 1979, the Polisario Front has been recognized by the United Nations as the representative of the people of Western Sahara.[3]. They equally show the existence of rights, including some rights relating to the land, which constituted legal ties between the Mauritanian entity, as understood by the Court, and the territory of Western Sahara. Despite the rulings of European courts and UN resolutions, the Polisario Front is up against a country which has the solid backing of France, Spain and the USA. Thus the Court has not found legal ties of such a nature as might affect the application of resolution 1514 (XV) in the decolonization of Western Sahara and, in particular, of the principle of self-determination through the free and genuine expression of the will of the peoples of the Territory (cf. So far, 16 African countries, the UAE and Jordan have opened consulates in the region, providing Morocco with crucial international support for its territorial claims. [note 2] SADR has, at some point in time, been recognised by 43.5% of United Nations (UN) member states, 38 out of the other 54 (70%) African Union (AU) member states, 18 out of 57 (32%) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states, and 5 out of 22 (23%) Arab League (AL) member states. 坐姿收腹1.雙腿屈膝並攏，盡量往後坐著，令大腿下側充分與椅子相貼，挺起上身，背部肌肉往上伸展，兩手放在大腿上。. AU, OIC; Recognition withdrawn 9 May 1997. At this point, Polisario's manpower included perhaps 800 men and women, but they were suspected of being backed by a much larger network of supporters. Surface-to-air missiles (anti-aircraft missiles, as SA-6s, SA-7s, SA-8s and SA-9s) have felled several Moroccan F-5 fighter jets, and helped compensate for the complete Moroccan control of the skies. Morocco is one of 40 governments that have not signed the 1997 mine ban treaty. The SPLA's armed units are considered to have a manpower of possibly 6-7,000 active soldiers today, but during the war years its strength appears to have been significantly higher: up to 20,000 men. [126][127] In 2018, MFA of Zambia again officially reaffirmed that it had withdrawn recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

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